Fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) extend classical differential equations by incorporating uncertainty through fuzzy numbers. This mathematical framework is particularly valuable for modelling ...

Backward Stochastic Differential Equations (BSDEs) constitute a powerful framework where the solution is determined by a terminal condition and then propagated backwards in time. This innovative ...

Introduces ordinary differential equations, systems of linear equations, matrices, determinants, vector spaces, linear transformations, and systems of linear differential equations. Prereq., APPM 1360 ...